Polymers are long chains of molecules. This section focuses on how they are categorized (natural, synthetic, thermoplastics, thermosets) and the mechanisms by which they are created from monomers.
Hardness in water is caused by dissolved mineral ions, primarily calcium and magnesium. This unit details the problems caused by hard water and the chemical and physical methods used to remove these ions for industrial use.
Key methods include the Zeolite process and Ion-exchange resins.